Reason is essentially catholic—καθʼ ὅλον, “according to the whole”—in four senses: in terms of its principles, (1) it is defined by its relation to being as a whole, and (2) it involves the whole person in its specific operation; and in terms of its exercise, (3) it always grasps the (whole as) universal, on the one hand, and (4) the (whole as) concrete, composite being or individual thing in each particular act, on the other hand, even if it thematizes only one or the other